Universal law of gravitation, gravity, acceleration due to gravity

Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that a particle attracts every other particle in the universe using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. Gravitation Gravitation is the force by which every mass or particle of matter, including … Read more

Force and laws of motion

Motion Motion is a change in position of an object with respect to time. Motion is typically described in terms of displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, time and speed. The branch of physics which deals with the study of motion of material objects is called mechanics. Mechanics is divided into following branches. (i) Statics : Statics … Read more

Human role in pollution control, Environment and human health; Effects of pollutants on animals and plants; urbanisation and industrial development.

Human role in pollution control The enhanced pace of developmental activities and rapid urbanization have resulted in stress on natural resources and quality of life. The trend of increasing pollution in various environmental media is evident from the deteriorating air and water quality, higher noise levels, increasing vehicular emission etc. Realising the urgent need for … Read more

Principles & Basis of Indian Foreign Policy    

India’s foreign policy is fundamentally based on the principles of peaceful co-existence, friendship and co-operation among all the countries of the world irrespective of their political systems. The foreign policy is aimed at promoting international peace and security and maintaining good and friendly relations with all the countries of the world. India, which was a … Read more

Definition of Internet, search tools, web browsers, e-mail and search engines. IT applications: E-cards, E- shopping, E-commerce.

    INTERNET   The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices. With the Internet, it’s possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more. It’s important to realize that the Internet is a global network of physical cables, which can include copper telephone … Read more

Basic element of Communication systems, data transmission mode, transmission media, network topologies, network types, communication protocols, network security mechanism.

  Elements of a Communication System Elements of a communication system The above figure depicts the elementsof a communication system. There are three essential parts of any communication system, the transmitter, transmission channel, and receiver. Each parts plays a particular role in signal transmission, as follows: The transmitter processes the input signal to produce a … Read more

DNA and RNA

DNA: STRUCTURE   DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the … Read more

Types of pollution and their management; air, water, soil, sound/noise, radioactive and e-waste. Industrial waste and its management. Impact of Solid Waste Management, recycling and reuse,

ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION defined as ‘an addition or excessive addition of certain materials to the physical environment (water, air and lands), making it less fit or unfit for life’. Pollutants are the materials or factors, which cause adverse effect on the natural quality of any component of the environment. Classifications 1. According to the form in … Read more

Administration of Union Territories and other specified states and areas in India

The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, replaced the States in Part C and Territories in Part D of the First Schedule by the ‘Union Territories’, which, under Part II of the First Schedule (as amended) were then six in number Delhi, Himachal Pradesh; Manipur; Tripura; Andaman & Nicobar Islands; Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands. Article … Read more

Development Administration: Institutions; Policy Initiatives, Strategies, Problems and Challenges.

Development is the end result of Public Administration. The paradigm of development is depending on the nature of government and its policies. It may be ideologically driven or ethically motivated. It strips off the orthodox structuralism of public administration as put forward by classical Administrative theorists and attempts to cater the emerging need of a … Read more

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