RANCHI

Launch: October 22, 2008             Site: Satish Dhavan Space Centre, Sriharikota

The objectives of the programme were:

1. To develop and orbit a spacecraft around moon using an Indian-made launch vehicle.
2. To prepare a three-dimensional atlas of both the near and the far side of the moon.
3. Chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface.
4. To study the impact of Moon Impact Probe on the surface of the moon as a fore-runner to future soft landing missions.

NASA’s Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) had on Chandrayaan-1 had detected water on the surface of moon. The mission was expected to last two years. However, the communication with the satellite was lost on 29 August 2009 and the mission was declared over. It lasted for 312 days and achieved 95 percent of its objectives.

Chandrayaan-1 was selected by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) as one of the recipients of its annual AIAA SPACE 2009 awards for contributions to space science and technology.

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1000 Genomes Project
launched in January 2008, is an international research effort to establish by far the most detailed catalogue of human genetic variation.
Human Genome Project
HGP was an international scientific research project with a goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the genes of the human genome. Began in 1990 and ended in 2003.
Genome
The genome is the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information. It is coded either in DNA or RNA (for many viruses).
International HapMap Project
The International HapMap Project is an organization whose goal is to develop a haplotype map of the human genome, which will describe the common patterns of human genetic variation. It is a collaboration among researchers at academic centers, non-profit biomedical research groups and private companies in Canada, China, Japan, Nigeria, UK and the US.
1000 Plant Genomes Project
Started in 2008, the aim of the project is to obtain the transcriptome (expressed genes) of 1000 different plant species. Headed by Dr. Wong and Dr. Deyholos of the University of Alberta.

Read moreGenome and Various Genome Projects for RAS/RTS Exam

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a version of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is designed to succeed the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). While IPv4 allows 32 bits for an Internet Protocol address, and can therefore support 232 (4,294,967,296) addresses, IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, so the new address space supports 2128 (approximately 340 undecillion or 3.4×1038) addresses. This expansion allows for many more devices and users on the internet as well as extra flexibility in allocating addresses and efficiency for routing traffic. It also eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion.
IPv6 also implements additional features not present in IPv4. It simplifies aspects of address assignment (stateless address autoconfiguration), network renumbering and router announcements when changing Internet connectivity providers.
The Internet Protocol Suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol used for relaying datagrams (packets) across an internetwork using theInternet Protocol Suite. Responsible for routing packets across network boundaries, it is the primary protocol that establishes the Internet.

Read moreInternet Protocol version 6