Points to Remember: Definition of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Importance of BOD in environmental monitoring Introduction: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic microorganisms to decompose organic matter in a water sample. It’s a crucial indicator of water quality, reflecting the Join Our Telegram Channel Subscribe … Read more

Points to Remember: Primary vs. Secondary Pollutants Health Impacts of Air Pollution Case Study: Air Pollution in New Delhi Introduction: Air pollution, the contamination of the atmosphere by harmful substances, poses a significant threat to human health and the environment. Pollutants are classified as primary (emitted directly) or secondary (formed through atmospheric reactions). The World … Read more

Points to Remember: Waste-based energy utilizes waste materials as fuel sources; biomass is a key component; sustainable development requires environmental and economic considerations. Introduction: Waste-based energy, also known as waste-to-energy (WtE), involves converting non-recyclable waste into usable energy. Biomass, organic matter from plants or animals, is a significant source for WtE. Sustainable development necessitates environmentally … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of watershed, its importance in natural resource conservation (water, soil, biodiversity). Introduction: A watershed, also known as a drainage basin, is an area of land where all the water that falls on it drains off to a common outlet, such as a river, lake, or ocean. Effective watershed management is crucial … Read more

Points to Remember: Conventional wastewater treatment involves primary, secondary, and tertiary stages. Treated wastewater has various beneficial uses. Introduction: Municipal wastewater treatment aims to remove pollutants from sewage before discharge into the environment. Conventional methods employ a series of physical, biological, and chemical processes to achieve this. Untreated wastewater poses significant health and environmental risks. … Read more

Points to Remember: Manures are organic, while fertilizers are inorganic. Manures improve soil structure, while fertilizers primarily provide nutrients. Nitrogenous fertilizers are classified based on the form of nitrogen they contain. Introduction: Manures and fertilizers are both soil amendments used to enhance crop productivity. Manures are organic substances derived from decomposed plant or animal matter, … Read more

Points to Remember: Methods of agricultural price stabilization: Buffer stocks, price supports, market interventions. Indian price policies: MSP, procurement, export/import controls. CACP’s MSP calculation: Cost of production + reasonable margin. Introduction: Agricultural price stabilization aims to protect farmers from volatile market prices and ensure food security. India, with its large agrarian population, employs various methods … Read more

Points to Remember: KMF’s impact on farmer incomes, milk production, rural employment, and economic diversification in Karnataka. Challenges faced by KMF and potential improvements. Introduction: The Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF), a cooperative federation, plays a significant role in Karnataka’s rural economy. It’s a major player in the dairy sector, impacting livelihoods and economic development across … Read more

Points to Remember: Agriculture’s contribution to GDP and employment. Challenges faced by the sector (low productivity, climate change). Opportunities for growth (technology, value addition). Introduction: Agriculture remains the backbone of the Indian economy, employing a significant portion of the population and contributing substantially to the national GDP, although its share has been declining gradually. While … Read more

Points to Remember: Vaccines, DNA vaccines, advantages, disadvantages. Introduction: Vaccines are biological preparations that provide immunity against particular diseases, but they are not without potential drawbacks. DNA vaccines represent a newer Join Our Telegram Channel Subscribe on YouTube approach, using a gene encoding an antigen to stimulate an immune response. Body: What are Vaccines? Vaccines … Read more