Points to Remember: Waste-based energy utilizes waste materials as fuel sources; biomass is a key component; sustainable development requires environmental and economic considerations. Introduction: Waste-based energy, also known as waste-to-energy (WtE), involves converting non-recyclable waste into usable energy. Biomass, organic matter from plants or animals, is a significant source for WtE. Sustainable development necessitates environmentally … Read more

Points to Remember: Conventional wastewater treatment involves primary, secondary, and tertiary stages. Treated wastewater has various beneficial uses. Introduction: Municipal wastewater treatment aims to remove pollutants from sewage before discharge into the environment. Conventional methods employ a series of physical, biological, and chemical processes to achieve this. Untreated wastewater poses significant health and environmental risks. … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of watershed, its importance in natural resource conservation (water, soil, biodiversity). Join Our Telegram Channel Introduction: A watershed, also known as a drainage basin, is an area of land where all the water that falls on it drains off to a common outlet, such as a river, lake, or ocean. Effective … Read more

Points to Remember: Manures are organic, while fertilizers are inorganic. Manures improve soil structure, while fertilizers primarily provide nutrients. Nitrogenous fertilizers are classified based on the form of nitrogen they contain. Introduction: Manures and fertilizers are both soil amendments used to enhance crop productivity. Manures are organic substances derived from decomposed plant or animal matter, … Read more

Points to Remember: Methods of agricultural price stabilization: Buffer stocks, price supports, market interventions. Indian price policies: MSP, procurement, export/import controls. CACP’s MSP calculation: Cost of production + reasonable margin. Introduction: Agricultural price stabilization aims to protect farmers from volatile market prices and ensure food security. India, with its large agrarian population, employs various methods … Read more

Points to Remember: KMF’s impact on farmer incomes, milk production, rural employment, and economic diversification in Karnataka. Challenges faced by KMF and potential improvements. Introduction: The Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF), a cooperative federation, plays a significant role in Karnataka’s rural economy. It’s a major player in the dairy sector, impacting livelihoods and economic development across … Read more

Points to Remember: Agriculture’s contribution to GDP and employment. Challenges faced by the sector (low productivity, climate change). Opportunities for growth (technology, value addition). Introduction: Join Our Telegram Channel Agriculture remains the backbone of the Indian economy, employing a significant portion of the population and contributing substantially to the national GDP, although its share has … Read more

Points to Remember: Increased fish production, sustainable aquaculture practices, economic benefits, environmental concerns. Introduction: The Blue Revolution refers to the significant increase in global fish production achieved through aquaculture and improved fishing techniques. It’s a parallel to the Green Revolution’s focus on terrestrial food production. While contributing significantly to food security, it also presents environmental … Read more

Points to Remember: Vaccines, DNA vaccines, advantages, disadvantages. Introduction: Vaccines are biological preparations that provide immunity against particular diseases, but they are not without potential drawbacks. DNA vaccines represent a newer approach, using a gene encoding an antigen to stimulate an immune response. Join Our Telegram Channel Body: What are Vaccines? Vaccines work by introducing … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of disaster Causes of natural disasters Causes of man-made disasters Consequences of disasters Mitigation and preparedness Introduction: A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society, causing widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected community or … Read more