17. What are the primary and secondary air pollutants? Explain the human health problems caused by air pollution. Add a note on air pollution in New Delhi. (Not more than 250 words)

Points to Remember:

Primary vs. Secondary Pollutants
Health Impacts of Air Pollution
Case Study: Air Pollution in New Delhi

Introduction:

Air pollution, the contamination of the atmosphere by harmful substances, poses a significant threat to human health and the environment. Pollutants are classified as primary (emitted directly) or secondary (formed through atmospheric reactions). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution contributes to millions of premature deaths annually.

Body:

Primary Pollutants: These are directly emitted into the

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atmosphere. Examples include particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2) from burning fossil fuels, nitrogen oxides (NOx) from vehicle exhaust, carbon monoxide (CO) from incomplete combustion, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from industrial processes and solvents.

Secondary Pollutants: These are formed when primary pollutants react in the atmosphere. Examples include ozone (O3), a major component of smog, and sulfuric acid (H2SO4), contributing to acid rain.

Human Health Impacts: Air pollution causes a range of respiratory problems like asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer. Cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes, are also linked to air pollution exposure. It can exacerbate existing conditions and negatively impact neurological development in children. Long-term exposure can lead to chronic illnesses and reduced life expectancy.

Air Pollution in New Delhi: New Delhi consistently ranks among the world’s most polluted cities. High population density, vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and seasonal factors like agricultural burning contribute to severe air pollution episodes, particularly during winter. This leads to a high incidence of respiratory illnesses and premature mortality in the city. The government has implemented various measures, including stricter emission standards and promoting public transport, but significant challenges remain.

Conclusion:

Primary and secondary air pollutants pose serious threats to human health, causing a range of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The case of New Delhi highlights the severe consequences of unchecked air pollution in densely populated urban areas. Addressing this requires a multi-pronged approach including stricter emission regulations, promoting cleaner energy sources, improving public transportation, and raising public awareness. Sustainable urban planning and a commitment to cleaner air are crucial for ensuring public health and a healthier environment for future generations.

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