Physical Factors: (a) Terrain, Topography, and Altitude dependent on the geo-ecological conditions; terrain, topography, slope and altitude. paddy cultivation requires leveled fields, tea plantations perform well in the undulating topography in which water does not remain standing. Orchards of coconut are found at low altitudes, preferably closer to the sea level, while the apple orchards … Read more
Architecture refers to designing of and construction of buildings where are the sculpture is a three-dimensional work of art
In architecture ,various types of materials are used that is a stone , wood, glass, metal etc .where as sculpture is made of single piece of material.
Architecture involves study of engineering And Engineering Mathematics and depends upon measurements, where as sculpture involves creativity and imagination , may not depend on measurements.
I-SEALS
Are a square or rectangular or circular or triangular piece of material mainly stone with an average size of 2”x2” .dominantly square seals were found on them ,we find pictographic scripts along with animal Impressions which are yet to be deciphered.
Seals are made up of steatite (a river soft stone ) . Evidences of Copper Gold and Ivory seals has also been found in some instances
5 signs or symbols on an average are present on a seal
Direction of writing is right to left
Seals are decorated with animal motif such as Unicorn bull , rhinoceros ,tiger ,elephant, goat, buffalo, etc (except cow)
Inscription of human figure are present on both side of the seals,even in some cases they are present on all 3 sides.
Significance /purpose of seal
mainly used as unit of trade and Commerce
Also used as amulets for productive and spiritual purpose(mainly
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Copper),dead bodies found had a hole for wearing them
Also used as an educational tool
Example Pashupati seals and Unicorn seals
II -Terracotta figures (sculptures)
Terracotta are fired baked clay
These figures are handmade using punching methods
For example mother goddess ,toys cards with wheels, birds and animals etc
III-Bronze sculptures
Bronze casting was practised on a wide scale under Harappan art
The technique used for Casting is known as “lost wax technique”
Under this technique at first wax figures are covered with a coating of clay and allowed to dry. Then it is heated and molten wax is allowed to drain out through a tiny hole at the bottom of the clay cover .the hollow mould is then filled with bronze or any other metal . Once the metal is cooled the clay is removed
Evacuations where it was prominent
Kalibangan presently Rajasthan
Daimabad presently Maharashtra
Harappa
Example -Bronze dancing girl
It is a naked girl wearing only ornaments which include bangles , armlets & necklace the left hand is on the hip. It is made using lost wax technique
Others stone sculpture
Bearded priest
Male torso (red sandstone)
IV- POTTERY
Red and black pottery(painted pottery)
It consists of mainly wheel made wares. Very few are handmade
The more common is plain pottery
Under red and black pottery red colour was used to paint the background and black colour to draw design of trees, birds, animals, human figures and other geometrical patterns
Uses of pottery
For household purpose (storage of water ,food grains )
For decoration -miniature vessel used for decoration
Used for perforated pottery
Large hole at the bottom and small holes all over the wall and was probably used for straining liquor .
V-ORNAMENTS
They are made up of a large variety of material ranging from precious metals, gemstones, bone and even baked clay
Necklace armlets and finger rings were common and worn by both males and females .while women wore a earings and anklets evidences of dead bodies Burried along with ornaments have also been found.
Harrapans were also conscious of fashion ( as different hairstyles ,wearing of a beard etc have been found
Cinnabar was used as a Cosmetic lipstick, Face paints and even eyeliner were also known to them.
Spinning of cotton and wool was common among Harappan
VI- EXTENSIVE TOWN PLANNING
Houses were build of baked bricks, of fixed size.
Use of stone and wood in building has also been found
The concept of two storied houses were also present
Public Bath was a common feature example great bath at Mohenjo Daro ,it had galleries and rooms on all sides.
Granaries was another important creation which used to be located in Citadel .there construction was so intelligent that strategic conduct and platform can be found.
Drainage system of Harappa was note worthy .there was a temporary cover to drains,underground
was an Indian Bengali Hindu philosopher and social reformer who attempted to incorporate Christian theology within the framework of Hindu thought.He was born on 19th November 1838
National Environmental Appraisal and Monitoring Authority has been setup
India UK
UK-India Business Climate Leaders Group has been constituted. Comprising of leading CEOs the group will work on synergystic business for carbon reduction and joint work to evolve national emission reduction strategies.
A depositary receipt (DR) is a type of negotiable (transferable) financial security that is traded on a local stock exchange but represents a security, usually in the form of equity, that is issued by a foreign publicly listed company. The DR, which is a physical
certificate, allows investors to hold shares in equity of other countries. One of the most common types of DRs is the American depositary receipt (ADR), which has been offering companies, investors and traders global investment opportunities since the 1920s.